Insect Management for Food Storage and Processing, Second Edition is completely revised and updated with new chapters on topics including inspection techniques; retail pest management; environmental manipulation (e.g., hot, cold, modified atmospheres, ionization) to control insects; and the latest scientific research on integrated pest management (IPM) control techniques. Common and unusual exterior/interior pest insects are covered and examples of both chemical and non-chemical pest insect control strategies are thoroughly discussed. The book provides the practical and science-based strategies to solve pest insect problems in an effective and economical manner.
Chapter authors are recognized around the world as experts in their respective fields. Scientific language is put in simple terms so those working in a food plant or warehouse environment can easily take information from the chapters and apply it for effective pest insect control strategies. Control methods explained have survived the test of time. This edition addresses the pesticide and food safety regulatory environment food processing personnel must work in every day.
Chapter information presented is original research that contains basic reference material, literature reviews, and actual pest insect case histories that authors have experienced with control methods that work. The book is written so its readers can pick it up and use it as a ready reference across any food manufacturing or production environment. It’s a must read for commercial and structural pest control operators, technicians, or directors; food plant inspectors, auditors, and plant sanitarians; as well as QA managers, food safety consultants, and university extension personnel.
Insect Management for Food Storage and Processing, Second Edition
Chapter 1
Introduction to the Second Edition
Jerry W. Heaps
Pest Identification
Holistic Pest Management
Prevention
Sanitation
Inspection
Monitoring
Engineering
Good Manufacturing Practices
Summary
PART I. BASICS OF INSECT PEST MANAGEMENT
Chapter 2
Integrated Pest Management Strategies for the Food Industry
Daryl L Faustini
Raw-Material Supplier
Food-Processing Facility
Insect-Monitoring Devices
Processing Equipment as a Control Strategy
Packaging Design Strategy
Sanitation Strategies
Product Distribution and Transport
Potential Insect-Control Strategies Under Development for the Food Industry
Chapter 3
Role of the Pest Management Professional in Food-Processing Pest Management
Jay Bruesch and Linda Mason
Then and Now
Decisions
Contract (Outside Vendor) Pest Management: Advantages
Contract Pest Management: Disadvantages
In-House Pest Management Programs: Advantages
In-House Pest Management Programs: Disadvantages
Are Shared Programs an Option?
Role of the Pest Management Professional
Pest Management: A Partnership
What PMPs Must Do
Summary
Chapter 4
Inspection Techniques
Alfred J. St. Cyr
Where to Begin
Exterior Grounds
Roof Areas
Plant Interior
Managing Space
Seeing the Space
Chapter 5
Facility Inspections:Supporting Insect Pest Management in the Food-Manufacturing Environment
Tom Osterberg
Plant Grounds: The Immediate Plant-Exterior Environment
Building(s) Construction Elements and Maintenance
Utilities
Physical Structure
Plant Equipment
Cleaning Programs and Practices
Procedures
The Master Sanitation Schedule
Integrated Pest Management Programs
Employee Hygiene: Personnel cGMPs
Finished-Product Warehouse
Receiving: Material-Handling Programs
Shipping: Transportation Guidelines
The Inspection Report
Chapter 6
Insect-Resistant Packaging
Michael A. Mullen and Sharon V. Mowery
History of Food Packaging
Importance of Insect-Resistant Packaging
Insect Response to Food Odor
Insect Pests of Packaged Foods
Testing for Insect Resistance
Methods to Reduce Infestation
Conclusion
Chapter 7
Stored-Product Insect Behavior
James F. Campbell
Exploitation of Patchy Environments
Fundamental Principles
Stored-Product Insects
Implications for Pest Management
Response to Stimuli
Fundamental Principles
Effects on Stored-Product Insects
Implications for Pest Management
Conclusions
PART II. ENVIRONMENTAL AND NONCHEMICAL MANIPULATION
Chapter 8
Insect Light Traps
Jack E. Harris
History
Principles of Operation
Attraction—Energy (Light) Spectrum
Fluorescent Lamp Operation
Ultraviolet Lamp Types
Lamp Life Loss
Safety-Coated Ultraviolet Lamps
Trapping and Containment
Trap Construction
Components
General Trap Designs
Regulation and Compliance Concerns
Audit Guidelines
Electrical and Health Issues
Safety Certification
System Design
Three-Phase System
Surveying and Inspecting
Miscellaneous Facility Management for Flying Insect Control
Exclusion Strategies
Lighting
Window Tinting
Exterior Structure Color
Grounds
Conclusion
Chapter 9
Biological Control of Stored-Product Pests
Matthias E. Schöller, Paul W. Flinn, Matthew J. Grieshop, and Eva Žd’árková
Advantages of Biological Control
Disadvantages of Biological Control
Approaches of Biological Control
Natural Enemies
Insect Parasitoids
Insect Predators
Fungi
Granulovirus
Bacteria
Bulk Grain Storage
Predators
Parasitoids Field Studies
Integration
Mills, Bakeries, Warehouses, and Retail Stores
Parasitoids
Predators
Nematodes
Field Studies
Integration
Future of Biological Control in Stored Products
Chapter 10
Temperature Modification for Insect Control
Ole Dosland, Bhadriraju Subramanyam, Ken Sheppard, and Rizana Mahroof
Background and History of Heat Treatments
Effects of Heat on Insects
Heat Tolerance in Insects
Calculating Heat Energy Requirements
Delivery of Heat Treatments
Planning
Safety Considerations During Heat Treatments
Monitoring Heat Treatments
Post-Heat-Treatment Activity
Heat-Treatment Case Studies
Study 1. An In-House Heat Treatment of a Malting Facility
Study 2. Heat Treatment of the Kansas State University Pilot Feed Mill
Summary
Chapter 11
Modified Atmospheres for the Control of Stored-Product Insects and Mites
Shlomo Navarro
Overview
Background and History
Definitions and Uses of MA
Modifying the Atmosphere of the Storage Ecosystem
Effects of MA on Stored-Product Insects and Mites
Lethal Action of MA on Insects
Interrelated Physical Environment Effects
Biochemical Effects
Physiological Effects
Behavioral Effects
Effects of MA on Product Quality
Germination of Seeds
Product Quality Preservation
Sorption of Carbon Dioxide
Corrosion Potential of Carbon Dioxide
Generation and Application of MA
Generation of MA
Methods for Applying Modified Atmospheres
Sealing and Pressure Test for Gastightness
Monitoring Gas Concentrations
Specific Applications of MA
Cereal-Grain Preservation
Preservation of Tree Nuts and Dried Fruits
Disinfestation of Dates
Packaging of Food
Museum Artifacts
Fresh Storage of Fruits and Vegetables
Narcissus Bulb Treatments
Economics of Treatment
Cost of Sealing
Cost of Gas
Current Usage of MA
Research Needs
Laboratory Work
Field Work
Chapter 12
Irradiation
Michelle Marcotte
Irradiation Effects on Pests
Radiation Effects on Storage Pests
Sensitivity to Radiation
Radiation Doses Required
Irradiation Equipment for Disinfestation: Reality and Concepts
Physics Lesson
So, What’s New in Irradiation?
Gamma Treatment of Rice
Fluid-Bed Processing of Grain
Pest Control in an Irradiation Facility
Chapter 13
Pheromones for Stored-Product Protection
David K. Mueller and Alain VanRyckeghem
A World of Odors
History of Pheromone Study
Pheromones of Stored-Product Insects
Pheromones (and Lures) Are Not Created Equal
Pheromone Types
Traps of a Different Design
Using Pheromone Traps
Know the Pest
Placement of Traps
Outdoor Trapping
Interpreting Trap Catch
Trap Maintenance
Tips for Using Pheromone Traps
Trapping Stored-Food Moths
Female Moth Attractant
Discovery
Control
Moth Suppression Limitations
Trapping Stored-Food Beetles
Beetle Traps
Controlling Saw-Toothed Grain Beetles
Case Study: Distribution in Warehouse
Capturing Multiple Stored-Product Insect Species with a Pheromone Pitfall Trap
Case Study: Pet Food Retail Store
Summary
PART III. CHEMICAL CONTROL
Chapter 14
Insect Management with Residual Insecticides
Arthur and Pamela S. Peckman
Classes of Residual Insecticides
Residual Insecticide Applications
Factors Affecting Residual Insecticide Performance
Sanitation
Surface Effects
Insecticide Class and Formulation
Toxicity and Exposure Interval
Environmental Effects
Insect Species and Response to Insecticides
Conclusion
Chapter 15
Insecticide Space Treatments in Food Plants
Pamela S. Peckman and Frank H. Arthur
The Concept of Space Treatments
Types of Equipment for Aerosol Space Treatment
Pressurized Aerosols (Cans and Cylinders)
Mechanical Particle Generators (Aerosol Generators, Cold Foggers, Thermal Foggers)
Compounds Used for Space Treatments
Insecticides
Insect Growth Regulators
Safety Practices
Product Protection
Safety of Personnel
Site Preparation and Security
Managing Space Treatment Programs
Future Research
Concluding Remarks
Chapter 16
Commodity and Space Fumigations in the Food Industry
Vern Walter
When to Choose Fumigation
Physical Conditions that Affect Fumigation
Movement of Gases
Dosage and Exposure Periods
Good Sealing is Vital
Placarding of Fumigated Areas
Choice of Fumigants
Methyl Bromide
Before Methyl Bromide: Hydrogen Cyanide
Introduction of Methyl Bromide
Handling of Methyl Bromide
Phaseout
Phosphine (Hydrogen Phosphide)
Fumigation of Railroad Hopper Cars
Phosphine Labeling Requirements for Certified Applicator to Be Present
Procedures for Aerating Phosphine-Fumigated Railcars—Hopper Type
Sulfuryl Fluoride
Sulfuryl Fluoride Advantages
Preparation for Fumigation of a Food-Handling Facility with Profume
Fumigant Dosage Factors
Temperature Factor
Before Fumigant Release
Monitoring
Fumigation Management Plan
Preliminary Planning and Preparation
Personnel
Monitoring
Notification
Sealing Procedures
Application Procedures and Fumigation Period
Post-Application Procedures
Future Trends in Fumigation
PART IV. SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
Chapter 17
Insecticides and Occupational Health in the Food Industry
Gary W. Olmstead
Background
Types of Insecticides Found in the Food Industry
Usage in the Food Industry
Hazards of Insecticides
Routes of Entry and Protection Techniques
The Respiratory Protection Program
Toxicological Concepts
Safe Insecticide Usage
Determining Insecticide Exposure Concentrations
Medical Examinations
First Aid Treatment
Emergency Treatment For Insecticide Poisoning
Government Regulations
Summary
PART V. SUMMARY
Chapter 18
The Science and Technology of Postharvest Insect Control: Challenges, Accomplishments, and Future Directions
Thomas W. Phillips
Challenges
The Law
A Case Study
Evolution of Control Methods
Methyl Bromide and Its Alternatives
The New Threat: Bioterrorism
Research Accomplishments and Prospects
Research Organizations
Biology of Insect Cells and Molecules
Insecticide Research
Biological and Bio-Rational Controls
Monitoring, Sampling, and Predicting Pests
Implementing IPM Systems
Index“…of special value are examples of measurements and interpretation of presence of pests…strongly recommend this book to all persons concerned with raw and processed plant grains and to agricultural and food industry libraries.”
—Journal of Plant Protection Research
Publish Date: 2006
Format: 8.5" × 11" hardcover
ISBN: 978-1-891127-46-5
Pages: 248
Publication Weight: 1 lbs
Edited by Jerry W. Heaps
Insect Management for Food Storage and Processing, Second Edition